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request locks on items that precede that item in the ordering This scheme is easy to implement, as long as the set of data items accessed by a transaction is known when the transaction starts execution There is no need to change the underlying concurrency-control system if two-phase locking is used: All that is needed it to ensure that locks are requested in the right order The second approach for preventing deadlocks is to use preemption and transaction rollbacks In preemption, when a transaction T2 requests a lock that transaction T1 holds, the lock granted to T1 may be preempted by rolling back of T1 , and granting of the lock to T2 To control the preemption, we assign a unique timestamp to each transaction The system uses these timestamps only to decide whether a transaction should wait or roll back Locking is still used for concurrency control If a transaction is rolled back, it retains its old timestamp when restarted Two different deadlockprevention schemes using timestamps have been proposed: 1 The wait die scheme is a nonpreemptive technique When transaction Ti requests a data item currently held by Tj , Ti is allowed to wait only if it has a timestamp smaller than that of Tj (that is, Ti is older than Tj ) Otherwise, Ti is rolled back (dies) For example, suppose that transactions T22 , T23 , and T24 have timestamps 5, 10, and 15, respectively If T22 requests a data item held by T23 , then T22 will wait If T24 requests a data item held by T23 , then T24 will be rolled back 2 The wound wait scheme is a preemptive technique It is a counterpart to the wait die scheme When transaction Ti requests a data item currently held by Tj , Ti is allowed to wait only if it has a timestamp larger than that of Tj (that is, Ti is younger than Tj ) Otherwise, Tj is rolled back (Tj is wounded by Ti ) Returning to our example, with transactions T22 , T23 , and T24 , if T22 requests a data item held by T23 , then the data item will be preempted from T23 , and T23 will be rolled back If T24 requests a data item held by T23 , then T24 will wait Whenever the system rolls back transactions, it is important to ensure that there is no starvation that is, no transaction gets rolled back repeatedly and is never allowed to make progress Both the wound wait and the wait die schemes avoid starvation: At any time, there is a transaction with the smallest timestamp This transaction cannot be required to roll back in either scheme Since timestamps always increase, and since transactions are not assigned new timestamps when they are rolled back, a transaction that is rolled back repeatedly will eventually have the smallest timestamp, at which point it will not be rolled back again There are, however, signi cant differences in the way that the two schemes operate In the wait die scheme, an older transaction must wait for a younger one to release its data item Thus, the older the transaction gets, the more it tends to wait By contrast, in the wound wait scheme, an older transaction never waits for a younger transaction.

The McGraw Hill Companies, 2001

ISDN circuit is terminated at the remote user's office, or at the remote site in an ISDN BRI router The PRI is used in situations in which multiple ISDN circuits are consolidated and terminated The ISDN circuits of remote users and remote sites would terminate at corporate headquarters into a PRI network device A PRI consists of 23 B channels and one D channel This provides a 1544 Mbps pipe into the PRI termination network device

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In the wait die scheme, if a transaction Ti dies and is rolled back because it requested a data item held by transaction Tj , then Ti may reissue the same sequence of requests when it is restarted If the data item is still held by Tj , then Ti will die again Thus, Ti may die several times before acquiring the needed data item Contrast this series of events with what happens in the wound wait scheme Transaction Ti is wounded and rolled back because Tj requested a data item that it holds When Ti is restarted and requests the data item now being held by Tj , Ti waits Thus, there may be fewer rollbacks in the wound wait scheme The major problem with both of these schemes is that unnecessary rollbacks may occur

CONSTRAINT PKHome PRIMARY KEY (HomeNo) CREATE TABLE Lists ( HomeNo Agentld Commission INTEGER, CHAR(10)

Another simple approach to deadlock handling is based on lock timeouts In this approach, a transaction that has requested a lock waits for at most a speci ed amount of time If the lock has not been granted within that time, the transaction is said to time out, and it rolls itself back and restarts If there was in fact a deadlock, one or more transactions involved in the deadlock will time out and roll back, allowing the others to proceed This scheme falls somewhere between deadlock prevention, where a deadlock will never occur, and deadlock detection and recovery, which Section 1663 discusses The timeout scheme is particularly easy to implement, and works well if transactions are short and if long waits are likely to be due to deadlocks However, in general it is hard to decide how long a transaction must wait before timing out Too long a wait results in unnecessary delays once a deadlock has occurred Too short a wait results in transaction rollback even when there is no deadlock, leading to wasted resources Starvation is also a possibility with this scheme Hence, the timeout-based scheme has limited applicability

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